C0 is probably card 0. Presumably there is a card 1? There should be similar entries under /proc/asound. Supposedly you can change the ordering (at least when they are using the snd_hda_intel driver) by messing with the index= parameter, but I’ve never tried it. I don’t know. I think you’ll just have to experiment and watch the dmesg output. I’m pretty much out of ideas at this point. Good luck! 
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No, I mean your laptop vendor’s website might have downloadable executables that you can use to update your laptop’s firmware. Alternatively, the sudo fwupdmgr get-updates might find some updates (but the command no longer seems to be available on my PC; I’m not sure what that means).
BTW, if the firmware updates are EFI executables (*.efi), you can run them by copying them to your ESP (the first FAT32/vfat partition on your laptop typically mounted at /boot/efi) along with the Shell.efi program from the edk2-ovmf package. I think if you put Shell.efi at the root of your ESP and name it shellx64.efi, it might automatically show in your boot menu (it does with systemd-boot, but I’m not sure with Grub). When you select the EFI shell from your boot menu, you should be able to enter FS0: to switch to your ESP and then you can “run” the EFI binary by entering its name (use dir to list the directory contents).
Edit: Apparently I just needed to install the fwupd package. I’m not sure why it was uninstalled.
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Thanks for these details! Very cool to know I can update EFI like this.
Regarding BIOS, I already updated to the latest one provided by the vendor (ASUS)…
I downloaded a .bin file from Asus website and indeed but it in a FAT32 drive and I have a bios utility to do that.
Regarding this issue I simply gave up 
PS: Thanks again for your support and your time!
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