AFAIK, /etc is outside of the immutable portion of the ostree, so you should be able to setup the subvols and add them to /etc/stab using the UUID from sudo blkid like this (note that /home is a subvol with the same UUID as / in this example and the subvol option specifies which subvol to mount to that location):
I don’t think It will work without mounting root partition (with live cd or on another distribution) and then creating subvolumes and moving/copying files to corresponding subvolume folders. The problem I have, finding correct subvolume/folder match for copy. fstab is the last part of the process.