I apologize for the late followup.
This issue was thankfully solved for me with the release of Blender 4.2 LTS. Updating to this version today, along with a slew of other system and program updates, allowed Blender to boot and render normally.
Before this, I was preparing to see if this issue was being caused by a problem with the ROCm drivers, as I have AMD hardware, and have read that Blender may rely on those drivers in Fedora for AMD hardware.
Regardless, this issue is solved. Thank you to all who gave advice and insight, and to the skilled maintainers at Blender and Fedora.