Why does SystemD appear to take ⪆ 50s to mount storage devices?

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1

systemd-analyze blame [1] produces:

4.764s sys-module-fuse.device
4.631s sys-devices-platform-serial8250-serial8250:0-serial8250:0.3-tty-ttyS3.device
4.631s dev-ttyS3.device
4.627s sys-devices-platform-serial8250-serial8250:0-serial8250:0.1-tty-ttyS1.device
4.627s dev-ttyS1.device
4.626s sys-devices-platform-serial8250-serial8250:0-serial8250:0.2-tty-ttyS2.device
4.626s dev-ttyS2.device
4.626s sys-devices-platform-serial8250-serial8250:0-serial8250:0.0-tty-ttyS0.device
4.626s dev-ttyS0.device
4.626s sys-devices-LNXSYSTM:00-LNXSYBUS:00-MSFT0101:00-tpmrm-tpmrm0.device
4.626s dev-tpmrm0.device
4.611s sys-module-configfs.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpartlabel-Basic\x5cx20data\x5cx20partition.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart2.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartlabel-Basic\x5cx20data\x5cx20partition.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dlabel-\x40\x5cx7b\x5cx27Name\x5cx27\x3d\x5cx27Windows\x5cx27\x5cx7d\x23.dir.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartnum-2.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartuuid-59f40142\x2d863c\x2d4bb9\x2d87f4\x2dc13947b8a921.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSamsung_SSD_980_PRO_250GB_S5GZNF0R106204B_1\x2dpart2.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-3\x2dpart2.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpartuuid-59f40142\x2d863c\x2d4bb9\x2d87f4\x2dc13947b8a921.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.002538b111b054a0\x2dpart2.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2duuid-182A50072A4FE07C.device
4.604s dev-nvme2n1p2.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dlabel-\x40\x5cx7b\x5cx27Name\x5cx27\x3d\x5cx27Windows\x5cx27\x5cx7d\x23.dir.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSamsung_SSD_980_PRO_250GB_S5GZNF0R106204B\x2dpart2.device
4.604s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.2-0000:58:00.0-nvme-nvme2-nvme2n1-nvme2n1p2.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2duuid-182A50072A4FE07C.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSamsung_SSD_980_PRO_250GB_S5GZNF0R106204B\x2dpart1.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dlabel-s2ve9g.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dlabel-s2ve9g.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSamsung_SSD_980_PRO_250GB_S5GZNF0R106204B_1\x2dpart1.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-3\x2dpart1.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartnum-1.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpartuuid-296e7273\x2d8d73\x2d4616\x2d9636\x2d8acce3393a89.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2duuid-17c0335b\x2d73c9\x2d45b1\x2daabe\x2df62a6e633d98.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart1.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartuuid-296e7273\x2d8d73\x2d4616\x2d9636\x2d8acce3393a89.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpartlabel-Microsoft\x5cx20reserved\x5cx20partition.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2duuid-17c0335b\x2d73c9\x2d45b1\x2daabe\x2df62a6e633d98.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartlabel-Microsoft\x5cx20reserved\x5cx20partition.device
4.604s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.2-0000:58:00.0-nvme-nvme2-nvme2n1-nvme2n1p1.device
4.604s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.002538b111b054a0\x2dpart1.device
4.604s dev-nvme2n1p1.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2duuid-E8DA341BDA33E50A.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartnum-3.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartuuid-dc82be70\x2d547f\x2d4de3\x2d916a\x2d1dddd961cd43.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.002538b111b054a0\x2dpart3.device
4.597s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.2-0000:58:00.0-nvme-nvme2-nvme2n1-nvme2n1p3.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart3.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2dpartuuid-dc82be70\x2d547f\x2d4de3\x2d916a\x2d1dddd961cd43.device
4.597s dev-nvme2n1p3.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-3\x2dpart3.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSamsung_SSD_980_PRO_250GB_S5GZNF0R106204B\x2dpart3.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSamsung_SSD_980_PRO_250GB_S5GZNF0R106204B_1\x2dpart3.device
4.597s dev-disk-by\x2duuid-E8DA341BDA33E50A.device
4.585s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:58:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1.device
4.585s dev-nvme2n1.device
4.585s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.2-0000:58:00.0-nvme-nvme2-nvme2n1.device
4.585s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.002538b111b054a0.device
4.585s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSamsung_SSD_980_PRO_250GB_S5GZNF0R106204B_1.device
4.585s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-3.device
4.585s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSamsung_SSD_980_PRO_250GB_S5GZNF0R106204B.device
3.032s upower.service
2.895s NetworkManager-wait-online.service
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSK_hynix_PC401_HFS256GD9TNG\x2d62A0A_EI83N093211703V32\x2dpart1.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2dpartuuid-972e1661\x2df89a\x2d467b\x2d93af\x2d17fdc6b548a6.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.ace42e81700b31f5\x2dpart1.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-4\x2dpart1.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSK_hynix_PC401_HFS256GD9TNG\x2d62A0A_EI83N093211703V32_1\x2dpart1.device
2.747s dev-nvme3n1p1.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:47:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart1.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2duuid-28044FA56ABCFE8B.device
2.747s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.1-0000:45:00.0-0000:46:00.0-0000:47:00.0-nvme-nvme3-nvme3n1-nvme3n1p1.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:47:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dlabel-\x40\x5cx7b\x5cx27Name\x5cx27\x3d\x5cx27Videos\x5cx20and\x5cx20Games\x5cx27\x5cx3b\x5cx20\x5cx27Identifier\x5cx27\x3d\x5cx27SQEOHK\x5cx27\x5cx7d\x23.dir.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2dlabel-\x40\x5cx7b\x5cx27Name\x5cx27\x3d\x5cx27Videos\x5cx20and\x5cx20Games\x5cx27\x5cx3b\x5cx20\x5cx27Identifier\x5cx27\x3d\x5cx27SQEOHK\x5cx27\x5cx7d\x23.dir.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:47:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartnum-1.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:47:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2duuid-28044FA56ABCFE8B.device
2.747s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:47:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartuuid-972e1661\x2df89a\x2d467b\x2d93af\x2d17fdc6b548a6.device
2.739s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_DB6D0737125400011575_1.device
2.739s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_DB6D0737125400011575.device
2.739s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.6479a77e8a201e84.device
2.739s dev-nvme1n1.device
2.739s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.1-0000:45:00.0-0000:46:08.0-0000:4c:00.0-0000:4d:08.0-0000:53:00.0-nvme-nvme1-nvme1n1.device
2.739s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-2.device
2.739s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:53:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1.device
2.738s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2duuid-6c31f14d\x2d0a5f\x2d4803\x2d8809\x2dd2a47eecc0ee.device
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2.738s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartuuid-6e8f83a9\x2d92d0\x2d4f6a\x2d985a\x2d6f00b86b8dca.device
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2.738s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_D0780737125400040720\x2dpart3.device
2.738s dev-nvme0n1p3.device
2.738s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart3.device
2.735s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.1-0000:45:00.0-0000:46:08.0-0000:4c:00.0-0000:4d:08.0-0000:53:00.0-nvme-nvme1-nvme1n1-nvme1n1p1.device
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2.735s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_DB6D0737125400011575_1\x2dpart1.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:53:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartnum-1.device
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2.735s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.6479a77e8a201e84\x2dpart1.device
2.735s dev-nvme1n1p1.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:53:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dlabel-\x40\x5cx7b\x5cx27Name\x5cx27\x3d\x5cx27Data\x5cx27\x5cx3b\x5cx20\x5cx27Identifier\x5cx27\x3d\x5cx27S11VZD\x5cx27\x5cx7d\x23.dir.device
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2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:53:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartuuid-61ba37a3\x2d83e4\x2d446f\x2daca9\x2d0a4f63908fed.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-2\x2dpart1.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_DB6D0737125400011575\x2dpart1.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2duuid-a8dc8530\x2df314\x2d407a\x2d896c\x2d861783f62ecf.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:53:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart1.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_D0780737125400040720\x2dpart4.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dlabel-\x40\x5cx7b\x5cx27Name\x5cx27\x3d\x5cx27Fedora\x5cx27\x5cx7d\x23.dir.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartnum-4.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpartuuid-419d4bf1\x2d28f3\x2d4c03\x2dbdc6\x2d1372c212b34d.device
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2.735s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.6479a77e8a201e6c\x2dpart4.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart4.device
2.735s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.1-0000:45:00.0-0000:46:08.0-0000:4c:00.0-0000:4d:00.0-0000:4e:00.0-nvme-nvme0-nvme0n1-nvme0n1p4.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_D0780737125400040720_1\x2dpart4.device
2.735s dev-nvme0n1p4.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2duuid-e70e2a08\x2ddcc9\x2d4696\x2d9a41\x2d1b34ee1b4b94.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-1\x2dpart4.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpartlabel-EFI\x5cx20System\x5cx20Partition.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartlabel-EFI\x5cx20System\x5cx20Partition.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2duuid-8C16\x2dB16E.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-1\x2dpart1.device
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2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartuuid-cead81bf\x2d5334\x2d49fa\x2d94eb\x2d7878bdb2b032.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2duuid-8C16\x2dB16E.device
2.735s dev-nvme0n1p1.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartnum-1.device
2.735s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_D0780737125400040720_1\x2dpart1.device
2.734s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.6479a77e8a201e6c\x2dpart1.device
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2.734s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_D0780737125400040720\x2dpart1.device
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2.731s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_D0780737125400040720_1\x2dpart2.device
2.731s dev-nvme0n1p2.device
2.731s dev-disk-by\x2duuid-7faeafbb\x2d6206\x2d458a\x2da6d4\x2d36de13a6f8fd.device
2.731s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartnum-2.device
2.731s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2dpartuuid-283e1ff9\x2d7103\x2d46f1\x2d89fc\x2d5995a1eb9903.device
2.731s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_D0780737125400040720\x2dpart2.device
2.731s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-1\x2dpart2.device
2.731s dev-disk-by\x2dpartuuid-283e1ff9\x2d7103\x2d46f1\x2d89fc\x2d5995a1eb9903.device
2.731s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart2.device
2.731s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1\x2dpart-by\x2duuid-7faeafbb\x2d6206\x2d458a\x2da6d4\x2d36de13a6f8fd.device
2.723s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:47:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1.device
2.723s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSK_hynix_PC401_HFS256GD9TNG\x2d62A0A_EI83N093211703V32_1.device
2.723s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2dSK_hynix_PC401_HFS256GD9TNG\x2d62A0A_EI83N093211703V32.device
2.723s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-4.device
2.723s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.ace42e81700b31f5.device
2.723s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.1-0000:45:00.0-0000:46:00.0-0000:47:00.0-nvme-nvme3-nvme3n1.device
2.723s dev-nvme3n1.device
2.721s dev-disk-by\x2ddiskseq-1.device
2.721s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_D0780737125400040720_1.device
2.721s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2deui.6479a77e8a201e6c.device
2.721s sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.1-0000:45:00.0-0000:46:08.0-0000:4c:00.0-0000:4d:00.0-0000:4e:00.0-nvme-nvme0-nvme0n1.device
2.721s dev-disk-by\x2did-nvme\x2daddlink_M.2_PCIE_G4x4_NVMe_D0780737125400040720.device
2.721s dev-disk-by\x2dpath-pci\x2d0000:4e:00.0\x2dnvme\x2d1.device
2.721s dev-nvme0n1.device

The subsequent 50 entrants reduce from 920ms to 93us, so they’re unimportant.

  1. ↩︎
2

Those processes mostly run in parallel, so not one after another.

If you want to see a chart of the whole boot process you can run this in a terminal:

$ systemd-analyze plot > chart.svg
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3

@litemotiv, thanks! That’s generally more useful. I’m disappointed to see that the vast majority of the time is spent in “firmware”, in actuality…

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  1. svgviewer.dev/s/E33WSAnM ↩︎

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4

Systemd does a lot of things in parallel, so benefits from a modern CPU with many cores.

5

@gnwiii, isn’t “firmware” referring to the UEFI? If so, isn’t that before the OS’s initialisation service (SystemD in this case, obviously) has been loaded?

6

That is the time spent in the UEFI before it gets to kernel.

Here is the times for my SuperMicro Server boot up.

Startup finished in 42.065s (firmware) + 11.837s (loader) + 1.015s (kernel) + 17.860s (initrd) + 3min 39.422s (userspace) = 4min 52.201s multi-user.target reached after 3min 39.396s in userspace.

That 42s is fast for a server. I have seen Dell servers take 5 minutes to get into the kernel.

Server BIOS implementations are very conservative about system initialisation to be robust.

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