I did find a solution, although it might not be the simplest one.
Using an other pc , I created a bootable usb stick (with fedora writer) to boot into a functioning system, where I could open the necessary apps (terminal, text-editor and files).
I then applied the solution from this forum post manually Latest Gnome apps not working in fedora 41 using wayland - #14 by bheerssen
I had to input my passwort to decrypt and mount the drive in gnome files. I could then manually add a gtk_renderer.sh file in the directory /etc/profile.d/ with a single line export GTK_RENDERER=gl written in it. After saving the file and rebooting into my fedora installation, apps could be started again.