You can. Running
podman run --rm -it docker.io/library/debian
will get you a Debian container, and
podman run --rm -it docker.io/library/archlinux
will get you an Arch Linux container, and so on.
Podman supports OCI images so anything from hub.docker.com or quay.io should work. For many distributions there are “official” images that are supported and usually also maintained by the upstream project.