Low disk space in /boot

Ask Fedora
1

I updated an old laptop of mine from Fedora 42 to 44 using the Software app, and on first boot with 44 got an error saying low disk space in /boot. In another forum post here I found some commands to try and troubleshoot. Here they are, along with their output:

$ sudo du -ah /boot | sort -h
0	/boot/symvers-6.16.10-200.fc42.x86_64.xz
0	/boot/symvers-6.16.11-200.fc42.x86_64.xz
0	/boot/symvers-6.19.14-108.fc42.x86_64.xz
0	/boot/symvers-7.1.8-200.fc44.x86_64.xz
4.0K	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/BOOTIA32.CSV
4.0K	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/BOOTX64.CSV
4.0K	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg
4.0K	/boot/efi/mach_kernel
4.0K	/boot/efi/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist
4.0K	/boot/grub2/device.map
4.0K	/boot/grub2/device.map.anacbak
4.0K	/boot/grub2/earlyboot.cfg
4.0K	/boot/grub2/grubenv
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/adler32.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/afsplitter.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/all_video.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/aout.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/archelp.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/backtrace.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/bitmap.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/blocklist.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/boot.img
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/boot.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/bswap_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/bufio.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cat.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cbls.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cbmemc.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cbtable.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cbtime.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cmdline_cat_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cmosdump.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cmostest.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cmp.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/configfile.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cpio_be.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cpio.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cpuid.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/crc64.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/crypto.lst
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ctz_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/datehook.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/date.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/datetime.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/disk.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/div.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/dm_nv.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/echo.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/eval.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/exfctest.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/freedos.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/fshelp.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/fs.lst
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_arcfour.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_dsa.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_rfc2268.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_rsa.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gfxterm_background.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/hello.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/help.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/hexdump.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/increment.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/iorw.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/keystatus.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/loopback.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/lsapm.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/lsmmap.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/macbless.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/mda_text.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/mdraid09_be.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/mdraid09.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/mdraid1x.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/memdisk.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/memrw.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/modinfo.sh
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/morse.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/msdospart.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/mul_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ntldr.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/odc.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/offsetio.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_acorn.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_amiga.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_apple.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_bsd.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_dfly.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_dvh.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_gpt.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/partmap.lst
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_msdos.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_plan.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_sun.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/part_sunpc.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/parttool.lst
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/password.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/password_pbkdf2.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/pbkdf2.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/pbkdf2_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/pcidump.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/pci.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/pkcs1_v15.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/play.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/priority_queue.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/procfs.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/progress.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/pxechain.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/raid5rec.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/raid6rec.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/rdmsr.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/read.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/reboot.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/setjmp.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/setjmp_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/shift_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/sleep.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/sleep_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/spkmodem.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/strtoull_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/terminal.lst
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/test_blockarg.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/testload.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/testspeed.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/time.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/trig.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/tr.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/truecrypt.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/true.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/usbserial_common.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/usbserial_ftdi.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/usbserial_pl2303.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/usbserial_usbdebug.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/version.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/vga_text.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/video.lst
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/videotest_checksum.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/wrmsr.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/xnu_uuid.mod
4.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/xnu_uuid_test.mod
4.0K	/boot/loader/entries/c09a08e18d0d43cda907b67d66bef1a2-0-rescue.conf
4.0K	/boot/loader/entries/c09a08e18d0d43cda907b67d66bef1a2-6.16.10-200.fc42.x86_64.conf
4.0K	/boot/loader/entries/c09a08e18d0d43cda907b67d66bef1a2-6.16.11-200.fc42.x86_64.conf
4.0K	/boot/loader/entries/c09a08e18d0d43cda907b67d66bef1a2-6.19.14-108.fc42.x86_64.conf
4.0K	/boot/loader/entries/c09a08e18d0d43cda907b67d66bef1a2-7.1.8-200.fc44.x86_64.conf
4.0K	/boot/.vmlinuz-6.16.10-200.fc42.x86_64.hmac
4.0K	/boot/.vmlinuz-6.16.11-200.fc42.x86_64.hmac
4.0K	/boot/.vmlinuz-6.19.14-108.fc42.x86_64.hmac
4.0K	/boot/.vmlinuz-7.1.8-200.fc44.x86_64.hmac
8.0K	/boot/efi/System/Library/CoreServices
8.0K	/boot/grub2/grub.cfg
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/affs.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ata.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/biosdisk.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/bitmap_scale.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cbfs.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/chain.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cmp_test.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/command.lst
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/crypto.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cs5536.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/div_test.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/drivemap.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/extcmd.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_idea.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_md4.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_md5.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_sha256.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/geli.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gettext.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gfxterm_menu.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gptsync.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/halt.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/hashsum.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/hdparm.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/hfspluscomp.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/http.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/json.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/keylayouts.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/loadenv.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/lsacpi.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ls.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/lspci.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/luks.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/lzopio.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/minicmd.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/minix2_be.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/minix2.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/minix3_be.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/minix3.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/minix_be.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/minix.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/moddep.lst
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/nativedisk.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/newc.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ntfscomp.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/parttool.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/pata.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/probe.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/pxe.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/random.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/romfs.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/scsi.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/search_fs_file.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/search_fs_uuid.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/search_label.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/search.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/sendkey.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/setpci.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/sfs.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/signature_test.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/smbios.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/tar.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/terminal.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/test.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/tftp.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/tga.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ufs1_be.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ufs1.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ufs2.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/usb_keyboard.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/usbtest.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/vga.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/video_bochs.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/video_colors.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/videoinfo.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/videotest.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/zfscrypt.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/zfsinfo.mod
8.0K	/boot/grub2/locale/lg.mo
12K	/boot/efi/System/Library
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/afs.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/at_keyboard.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/bfs.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/elf.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/exfat.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ext2.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/f2fs.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/fat.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_blowfish.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_crc.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_sha1.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_sha512.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gzio.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/hfs.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/hfsplus.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/jfs.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/jpeg.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ldm.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/linux.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/lvm.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/macho.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/mmap.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/nilfs2.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/plainmount.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/plan9.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/png.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/reiserfs.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/squash4.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/uhci.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/usbms.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/vbe.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/video_cirrus.mod
12K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/video.mod
16K	/boot/efi/System
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/acpi.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/appended_signature_test.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/blscfg.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/diskfilter.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_rmd160.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_tiger.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gfxterm.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/iso9660.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/legacy_password_test.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ohci.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/pgp.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/serial.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/terminfo.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/udf.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/usb.mod
16K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/xfs.mod
16K	/boot/lost+found
20K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/cryptodisk.mod
20K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/font.mod
20K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_seed.mod
20K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/luks2.mod
20K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ntfs.mod
20K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/relocator.mod
24K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ahci.mod
24K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/ehci.mod
24K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/file.mod
24K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_cast5.mod
24K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_des.mod
24K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_rijndael.mod
24K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/multiboot2.mod
24K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/multiboot.mod
24K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/syslinuxcfg.mod
24K	/boot/loader/entries
28K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_whirlpool.mod
28K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gdb.mod
28K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/xzio.mod
28K	/boot/grub2/locale/id.mo
28K	/boot/loader
32K	/boot/grub2/locale/zh_TW.mo
36K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/core.img
36K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/efiemu.mod
36K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/functional_test.mod
36K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/legacycfg.mod
36K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/video_fb.mod
36K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/xnu.mod
40K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/asn1.mod
40K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/btrfs.mod
40K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/mpi.mod
44K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/appendedsig.mod
44K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/bsd.mod
44K	/boot/grub2/locale/eo.mo
48K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/test_asn1.mod
48K	/boot/grub2/locale/ja.mo
52K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_camellia.mod
56K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_twofish.mod
56K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gfxmenu.mod
60K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/zfs.mod
64K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/gcry_serpent.mod
64K	/boot/grub2/locale/pa.mo
84K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/regexp.mod
84K	/boot/grub2/locale/tr.mo
88K	/boot/grub2/locale/pt_BR.mo
92K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/net.mod
92K	/boot/grub2/locale/he.mo
92K	/boot/grub2/locale/sl.mo
96K	/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/fbia32.efi
96K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/zstd.mod
100K	/boot/grub2/locale/lt.mo
104K	/boot/grub2/locale/gl.mo
116K	/boot/grub2/locale/it.mo
120K	/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/fbx64.efi
120K	/boot/grub2/locale/da.mo
124K	/boot/grub2/locale/nl.mo
128K	/boot/grub2/locale/ast.mo
128K	/boot/grub2/locale/ca.mo
128K	/boot/grub2/locale/es.mo
128K	/boot/grub2/locale/hr.mo
128K	/boot/grub2/locale/nb.mo
128K	/boot/grub2/locale/sv.mo
132K	/boot/grub2/locale/fi.mo
132K	/boot/grub2/locale/pt.mo
136K	/boot/grub2/locale/en@quot.mo
136K	/boot/grub2/locale/hu.mo
136K	/boot/grub2/locale/zh_CN.mo
148K	/boot/grub2/locale/de_CH.mo
148K	/boot/grub2/locale/de.mo
148K	/boot/grub2/locale/pl.mo
156K	/boot/grub2/i386-pc/normal.mod
156K	/boot/grub2/locale/en@piglatin.mo
156K	/boot/grub2/locale/fr.mo
156K	/boot/grub2/locale/ka.mo
156K	/boot/grub2/locale/ko.mo
156K	/boot/grub2/locale/ro.mo
160K	/boot/grub2/locale/vi.mo
168K	/boot/grub2/locale/ru.mo
176K	/boot/grub2/locale/en@cyrillic.mo
176K	/boot/grub2/locale/en@greek.mo
184K	/boot/grub2/locale/en@arabic.mo
188K	/boot/grub2/locale/sr.mo
196K	/boot/grub2/locale/uk.mo
200K	/boot/grub2/locale/en@hebrew.mo
224K	/boot/grub2/locale/de@hebrew.mo
284K	/boot/config-6.16.10-200.fc42.x86_64
284K	/boot/config-6.16.11-200.fc42.x86_64
292K	/boot/config-6.19.14-108.fc42.x86_64
296K	/boot/config-7.1.8-200.fc44.x86_64
684K	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/mmia32.efi
792K	/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTIA32.EFI
792K	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/shimia32.efi
856K	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/mmx64.efi
1004K	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/shim.efi
1008K	/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI
1008K	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/shimx64.efi
2.0M	/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT
2.3M	/boot/grub2/fonts
2.3M	/boot/grub2/fonts/unicode.pf2
3.0M	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/gcdia32.efi
3.0M	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grubia32.efi
3.4M	/boot/grub2/i386-pc
4.0M	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/gcdx64.efi
4.0M	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grubx64.efi
5.4M	/boot/grub2/locale
11M	/boot/grub2
12M	/boot/System.map-6.16.10-200.fc42.x86_64
12M	/boot/System.map-6.16.11-200.fc42.x86_64
12M	/boot/System.map-6.19.14-108.fc42.x86_64
12M	/boot/System.map-7.1.8-200.fc44.x86_64
17M	/boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-c09a08e18d0d43cda907b67d66bef1a2
17M	/boot/vmlinuz-6.16.10-200.fc42.x86_64
17M	/boot/vmlinuz-6.16.11-200.fc42.x86_64
18M	/boot/vmlinuz-6.19.14-108.fc42.x86_64
18M	/boot/vmlinuz-7.1.8-200.fc44.x86_64
19M	/boot/efi/EFI/fedora
21M	/boot/efi
21M	/boot/efi/EFI
149M	/boot/initramfs-6.16.10-200.fc42.x86_64.img
149M	/boot/initramfs-6.16.11-200.fc42.x86_64.img
153M	/boot/initramfs-6.19.14-108.fc42.x86_64.img
166M	/boot/initramfs-7.1.8-200.fc44.x86_64.img
168M	/boot/initramfs-0-rescue-c09a08e18d0d43cda907b67d66bef1a2.img
947M	/boot


$ df
Filesystem     1K-blocks     Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/dm-0      487319552 18171684 468053340   4% /
devtmpfs         3805568        0   3805568   0% /dev
tmpfs            3895164       92   3895072   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs            1558068     1932   1556136   1% /run
none                1024        0      1024   0% /run/credentials/systemd-cryptsetup@luks\x2d5905b6b2\x2d1f01\x2d41fc\x2d9f7a\x2d1e7183c33502.service
none                1024        0      1024   0% /run/credentials/systemd-journald.service
none                1024        0      1024   0% /run/credentials/systemd-resolved.service
/dev/dm-0      487319552 18171684 468053340   4% /home
tmpfs            3895168       84   3895084   1% /tmp
/dev/sda2         996780   969736         0 100% /boot
tmpfs             779032      176    778856   1% /run/user/1000

$ sudo fdisk -l
[sudo] password for user: 
Sorry, try again.
[sudo] password for user: 
Disk /dev/sda: 465.76 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk model: Samsung SSD 850 
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 6C4204B7-E47E-4966-BE12-15535BA8AE76

Device       Start       End   Sectors   Size Type
/dev/sda1     2048      4095      2048     1M BIOS boot
/dev/sda2     4096   2101247   2097152     1G Linux extended boot
/dev/sda3  2101248 976773119 974671872 464.8G Linux filesystem


Disk /dev/mapper/luks-5905b6b2-1f01-41fc-9f7a-1e7183c33502: 464.74 GiB, 499015221248 bytes, 974639104 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/zram0: 7.43 GiB, 7976517632 bytes, 1947392 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 4096 = 4096 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes

How can I fix this?

2

You can remove the rescue kernel as more often than not, it’s useless by the time you need it.

If you’re an nvidia user, and you have no use for the nouveau drivers, you can omit them from the initramfs by creating a dracut configuration file in /etc/dracut.conf.d/nvidia.conf to specifically exclude them with omit_drivers=" nouveau " (those spaces are required - this is a space-delimited list with one entry)

Adding compress=xz can reduce the size even more and if you want to go the whole hog you can instruct dracut to only include the drivers required for this specific machine with hostonly-mode=strict

That’ll slice each 160MB initial ram disk down to somewhere in the region of 50 to 70 MB depending on your specific hardware installation.

Obviously, you need to rebuild them all with a dracut --force; see man dracut for the gory details, but pay attention to “–kver”

3

Everything @anothermindbomb said made sense.

But a couple of curious things that prompt questions:

  1. You have 4 non-rescue kernels - did you intentionally change this from the Fedora default of 3?
  2. You have a non-UEFI, legacy BIOS (aka Compatibility Support Mode) installation, with a BIOS boot partition and no EFI partition. But you seem to have a subdirectory /boot/efi with a bunch of files - do you know why those are there?
4

It’s possible, but I doubt it (I haven’t used this laptop in a long time).

No, I don’t. When I installed Fedora originally I let the installer do its thing. I didn’t manually set the partitions up. This is a Thinkpad T430 circa 2012; could its age have something to do with that?

5

dnf --dump-main-config | grep installonly should show the number (3 by default). If it is 3, I wonder if something went wrong with the last upgrade and the oldest kernel failed to be deleted. (Not disastrous, it will likely get cleaned up next time a kernel update is available.)

I’m guessing a Thinkpad from that era would support UEFI, but it might be that it defaults to compatibility support mode. That would explain the partition layout you have - but the mystery isn’t so much that, it’s why you have EFI files on a non-UEFI install.

There’s no evidence it’s causing any harm though, nor does it take up all that much space compared to what you’ll save through the other suggestions. Just a bit of an oddity :grinning_face:

6 
$ dnf --dump-main-config | grep installonly
installonly_limit = 3

Weird.

7

sudo dnf remove $(dnf repoquery --installonly --latest-limit=-2 -q) (removing old kernels and keeping 2) reduced /boot usage to 66%!

8

There are a ton of files under /boot/grub2/i386-pc (using 3.4M) that are certainly not necessary on a 64bit installation.
On my system I see only this.

$ sudo ls -al /boot/grub2
total 24
drwx------. 3 root root 4096 Aug 12 13:27 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Aug 12 12:20 ..
drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Jun 16 09:53 fonts
-rw-------. 1 root root 7624 May 10 14:53 grub.cfg
-rw-------. 1 root root 1024 Aug 12 13:27 grubenv

The other comments about /boot/efi are also relevant though small for space used (21M)

I don’t know what hardware is installed, but the initramfs images are in line with those that contain the nouveau driver (only relevant for an nvidia gpu and then only relevant if not using the nvidia driver).
I reduced the size of my initramfs images from ~170M to <70M by creating one file to ensure that those drivers were not included in the initramfs image.

$ cat /etc/dracut.conf.d/nvidia.conf 
omit_drivers+=" nouveau "

Perhaps if you were to create the indicated file with the shown content it may reduce the space used in /boot significantly (unless needed for an nvidia GPU).

9

In addition, you need to sudo dnf remove dracut-config-rescue, otherwise the rescue kernel will get reinstalled after your next kernel update. also see “edit1” and “edit2” here: Rescue kernel removal