To close out this thread, it looks like a bad commit was made to the amd_sfh driver which caused page faults. BTRFS was not directly involved but was catching the errors (most of the time) before they were written to disk.
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=219331
For now editing the kernel boot command to include module_blacklist=amd_sfh works around the problem but can’t say if it will reduce functionality of your system.
The driver is part of the AMD System Fusion Hub:
https://docs.kernel.org/hid/amd-sfh-hid.html