There are different Editions and Spins of Fedora. The Editions are KDE plasma, and Gnome Workstation.
When you used Fedora Media Writer, and when you downloaded an ISO you picked one of these options.
Try using Media Writer to download and write the Everything Netinstall iso. You can use that and it will give you the option at install time to pick any desktop you want.
Could your harddrive be somehow locked, or some kind of secure boot enabled?
You have moved from Ubuntu, was Windoze present at all?
It could also be a problem with your USB stick, do you have another handy?
Another idea, as it is a kernel problem, can you try an F43 install that will come with a different kernel? Perhaps this one is not compatible with your hardware?
Heyo, meanwhile I tried Fedora 43 as you suggested and it just don’t boot up at all. So I also tried any random distro - in this case MX Linux and it booted up without any problem(same laptop, same usb stick, Impression)
It might be some HW lock because this is a MS(boooooo) Surface Laptop 3 from 2019.