I left my device for a while and when I came to update it and restart it, I discovered that the device could not boot. I entered a live environment and discovered that the boot folder was empty. Is it possible to repair the system without installing a new one
You should try to make a backup of important data and then rule out a hardware fault before attempting a repair. Gnome disks has tools to check drive health and will tell you if some partition is out of space. From the Live USB environment you can run journalctl in a terminal to view the last entries from the broken system. You wiil want to read man journalctl to understand the options, particularly:
The set of journal files which will be used can be modified using the --user, --system, --directory=, and --file= options, see below.
You can use Gnome DIsks to mount the root partition, which should contain the /var/log/journal/<long random string>/ directory with .journal files. You are interested in the most recent files. Start with something like journalctl --no-hostname --file=<full path for recent .journal file>. journalctl collects massive detail, so there is a good chance you can find the causes of issues, but filtering out irrelevant entries can take some effort.
Once the cause of the empty boot partition is understood, we may be able to suggest fixes.